Bison are the largest mammal in North America. Male bison, called bulls, can weigh up to 2,000 pounds and stand 6 feet tall. Female bison, called cows, are a bit smaller, weighing up to 1,000 pounds and standing 4-5 feet tall. Newborn bison calves, affectionately known as “red dogs” due to their orange-red coloring, weigh a comparatively light 30-70 pounds.
The U.S. Department of the Interior has played a crucial role in bison conservation since the late 19th century. Today, public lands managed by the Interior support approximately 10,000 bison across 12 states, representing roughly one-third of the wild bison population in North America. These herds are vital to the continued survival of this iconic species.
While the terms “bison” and “buffalo” are often used interchangeably, the scientifically correct name for the North American species is bison. Interestingly, the full scientific name is even more specific: Bison bison bison. This signifies the genus, species, and subspecies. It’s believed that the term “buffalo” originated from the French word for beef, “boeuf.” Perhaps this linguistic quirk is a fun fact for today.
Yellowstone National Park holds a unique distinction in bison history: it’s the only place in the United States where bison have lived continuously since prehistoric times. The Yellowstone bison population, estimated at over 5,000, represents the largest bison population on public lands. These bison are direct descendants of the ancient herds that once roamed North America.
Bison calves are born in the spring, typically between late March and May. Their reddish-brown coat earns them the nickname “red dog.” As they mature, their coat darkens to brown, and their characteristic hump and horns begin to develop. This transformation is a key part of their life cycle.
Bison have deep cultural significance for Native American tribes, providing food, clothing, tools, and spiritual connection for centuries. The Inter Tribal Buffalo Council, established in 1992, works to transfer bison from national parks to Tribal lands, helping to restore these animals to their historical and cultural importance.
A bison’s tail can be a telltale sign of its mood. A relaxed bison will have its tail hanging down, swaying naturally. However, if the tail stands straight up, it’s a warning sign that the bison is agitated and potentially dangerous. Always observe bison from a safe distance.
Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota played a pivotal role in the revival of bison populations across the country. In the early 20th century, bison from a breeding program at the New York City Zoo were donated to Wind Cave, forming the foundation for a herd that helped repopulate other areas. This marked a turning point in bison conservation efforts.
Despite their massive size, bison are surprisingly fast and agile, capable of running up to 35 miles per hour. They can also make quick turns, jump high fences, and even swim. This athleticism is essential for their survival in the wild.
Bison are herbivores, primarily grazing on grasses, weeds, and leafy plants for up to 11 hours a day. Their distinctive shoulder hump helps them clear snow during winter, allowing them to access food sources. The image of these massive creatures patiently munching on vegetation is quite amusing.
President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in saving bison from extinction. After witnessing the dwindling bison numbers firsthand, he co-founded the American Bison Society in 1905, dedicating himself to their conservation. This marked a significant shift from hunting to preservation.
Bison wallowing, or rolling in dirt, serves several purposes. It helps them shed fur, deter insects, and, for males, leave their scent during mating season. This behaviour, while perhaps not funny in itself, paints a humorous picture of these majestic creatures getting down and dirty.
Bison have poor eyesight but possess keen senses of smell and hearing. Cows and calves communicate with grunts, while bulls bellow loudly during mating season. It’s a little ironic that such large and powerful animals rely more on their noses and ears than their eyes. Perhaps that’s another fun fact for today.